达尔文与报春花&千屈菜
那天转普鲁斯特,以花的结构谈性,雄雌同异体,里面特别谈到两种
花的例子,一个报春花,一个千屈菜。译文中千屈菜有误,误成“干
屈花”,好在我对植物有心,不会轻易放过,再加上最近还写了一首
植物小诗,怎可轻易忘记。上周去新泽西植物园,看到沟渠畔一颗浅
红白报春花开了,可是开错了季节。要是春天,真是满泽满渠径。今
年早春,是达尔文两百年诞辰,我在咖啡里已闹腾过多了。这普鲁斯
特的流年不又提及达尔文?记得在春天纽约植物园的温室达尔展中有
两种高低柱的报春花,这奇花授粉的研究也首见于达尔文。
普鲁斯特这一段如下(错译未更改,跟我书中一样,许钧译):
他们并不会被所有的男人所吸引,而只被比他们年迈的男人所吸引——由于某种
感应或协调现象所致,此现象可与支配三体异柱花,如干屈花授粉的现象相比。
絮比安刚刚为我提供了这一附类的一个范例,然而它却不如其他附类易于把握,
其他附类,尽管甚为罕见,但任何人道的植物标本采集者,任何道德的植物学家
都可观察得出,可是,这一附类展现在他们面前的却是一位孱弱的年轻男子,盼
望着一位身强力壮、大腹便便的五旬汉子主动接近他,而对年轻人的亲近举动却
无动于衷,恰似报春花科的短柱雄雌同株花,除非由同属短柱的报春花授粉,不
然就不会结果,然而它们却兴高采烈地迎接长柱报春花粉的光顾。
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1254768169
一八七七年,达尔文出版了《同种植物的花的不同形态》一书,书中
他汇总了自己早期发表在《林耐学会会报》上的关于花的同种二型性
--关于报春花、亚麻和千屈菜的文章和其他文章,并增添了许多新材
料。例如,在这里他就分析研究了不开花的、永远是自花授粉的闭花
受精花。他分析后得出的最主要的结论是,最完全的花只能是由昆虫
授粉的花,而春天开花的、小型的不完全的、自花授粉的花,只是为
异花授粉的一代提供足够数量的种子。
报春花,英文Primrose,中文又译作樱草花,达尔文陈述的花是这样
的:
Primrose(Primula vulgaris Huds.)
The flowers are 2–4 cm in diameter, borne singly on a slender stem,
pale yellow, white, red, or purple (see further below), actinomorphic
with a superior ovary which later forms a capsule which opens by
valves to release the small black seeds. The flowers are hermaphrodite
but heterostylous; individual plants bear either pin flowers (with the
capita of the style prominent) or thrum flowers (with the stamens
prominent). Fertilisation can only take place between pin and thrum
flowers. Pin-to-pin and thrum-to-thrum pollination is ineffective.
Thrum flower of primrose
Pin flower of primrose
该属的诸多种都有这个现象:
报春花属是典型的异花授粉植物,多数种类具有两型花,即在同一种中,部分植
株具长花柱花:花柱长达花冠筒口,雄蕊则着生于花冠筒的中部或近基部;另一
部分植株具短花柱花:花柱仅长达花冠筒的中部,而雄蕊则近花冠筒口着生。昆
虫采花蜜时头部触及花冠筒口部器官,而其口器伸至冠筒下部,这样就将短柱花
的花粉授于长柱花的柱头,将长柱花的花粉授于短柱花的柱头。根据C.R.达尔
文长期的观察并经实验证明,经上述异花授粉的花受精率较高,通常产生较多饱
满的种子,植物学术语称为正规传粉,相反,长柱花的花粉授于长柱花柱头或短
柱花的花粉授于短柱花柱头,则称之为不正规传粉,其受精率低,甚至完全不育
(见图)。
& Loosestrife(Lythrum sp.):
千屈菜属的花适应高度异花传粉,它们的雄蕊和花柱都有长、中、短
3种类型,但两者的配合是非常巧妙的。具有长、中雄蕊的花,只有短
花柱的雌蕊,而具有长花柱的花,却只有中、短的雄蕊,而花柱中等
类型的花,却有又长又短的雄蕊。长雄蕊的花粉粒大,而长花柱的柱
头乳突体也大。昆虫传粉的结果,常使长、中、短雄蕊的花粉粒分别
落在长、中、短花柱的柱头上。通过这样授粉,受精程度较高,产生
种子的数量也较多。
紫薇属的一些种类也有类似的异长花柱。
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1152284879
千屈菜为秋,我闯见的报春花(误生?)倒也高茎,更是Cowslip/Oxlip
。达尔文童年就有一桩用墨水改变报春花颜色的逸事,对报春花授粉
的具体研究是他一生了不起的兴趣,以后他一直系统地研究植物,也
是学神学时作乡村牧师的报负:
Downe Bank, at the site, is a beautiful piece of chalk downland
which in spring bears cowslips, wild violets, orchids and primroses.
Now part of a nature reserve, it inspired the famous last passage
in the Origin:
"It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with
plants of many kinds, with birds singing in the buses, with various
insects flitting about and with worms crawling through the damp
earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms,
so different from each other, and so dependent on each other in
so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around
us. This planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of
gravity, and from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful,
and most wonderful, have been and are being evolved."
- Re: 达尔文与报春花&千屈菜posted on 10/12/2009
xw wrote:
普鲁斯特这一段如下(错译未更改,跟我书中一样,许钧译):
许钧好像是袁筱一的导师。袁筱一的东西我还挺喜欢。 - posted on 10/13/2009
许钧 is quite good.
men who are attracted not by all other men, but - by a phenomenon of correspondence and harmony similar to those that govern the fertilisation of heterostyle trimorphous flowers like the lythrum salicarium(purple loosestrife -xw) --only by men considerably older than themselves. Of this subvariety Jupien had just furnished me with an example, one less striking however than certain others which every human herbalist, every moral bontanist, will be able to observer in spite of their rarity, and which will show them a frail young man awaiting the advances of a robust and paunchy quinquagenarian, and remaining as indifferent to those of other young men as the hermaphrodite flowers of the short-styled primula veris remain sterile so long as they are fertilised only by other primulae veris of short style also, whereas they welcome with joy the pollen of the primula veris with the long style.
小蜜蜂 wrote:
xw wrote:
普鲁斯特这一段如下(错译未更改,跟我书中一样,许钧译):
许钧好像是袁筱一的导师。袁筱一的东西我还挺喜欢。 - posted on 10/13/2009
xw wrote:
men who are attracted not by all other men, but - by a phenomenon of correspondence and harmony similar to those that govern the fertilisation of heterostle trimorphous flowers like the lythrum salicarium(purple loosestrife -xw) --only by men considerably older than themselves. Of this subvariety Jupien had just furnished me with an example, one less striking however than certain others which every human herbalist, every moral bontanist, will be able to observer in spite of their rarity, and which will show them a frail young man awaiting the advances of a robust and paunchy quinquagenarian, and remaining as indifferent to those of other young men as the hermaphrodite flowers of the short-styled primula veris remain sterile so long as they are fertilised only by other primulae veris of short style also, whereas they welcome with joy the pollen of the primula veris with the long style.
天呀,好几个我不认识的词,太专业了,我对植物学一窍不通,属于五谷不分那类。:)
大概琢磨了一下,这是指gerontophilia吗? - posted on 10/14/2009
gerontophilia 嗜耄癖者, 爱恋老人
咱不也在学习嘛?以前跟草叶说植物花的结构复杂,此可见一般。这
千屈菜要真分析开来,网上才找到一篇论文,七八页的。
小蜜蜂 wrote:
xw wrote:
天呀,好几个我不认识的词,太专业了,我对植物学一窍不通,属于五谷不分那类。:)
大概琢磨了一下,这是指gerontophilia吗?
昨天顶着寒风,再探上周二看到的报春花,没了。来回寻觅,寻见水
沟中有不少勿忘我,却一直没寻见她。我记得很清楚方位,只有一棵
高高的花茎,昨天连倒谢的花序都未见,是不是我的一个梦遇?
不过读了普鲁斯特的秋日原野,也能见报春花的。
散步
尽管天空如此纯净,太阳已经暖热,可吹过来的风仍然那么寒冷,树
林依旧光秃秃一派冬日景象。为了升火取暖,我必须砍下一根看上去
已经枯死的树枝,树枝的汁液飞溅出来,弄湿了我的手臂。这棵树僵
死的外壳底下竟隐匿着一颗骚动的心。在树干与树干之间,冬季光秃
秃的土地上长满了银莲花、报春花和蝴蝶花,温情脉脉而又生机盎然
的湛蓝天空慵懒地一直伸展到昨日还阴沉空旷的河流尽头。十月美丽
的夜晚苍白而又疲倦的天空在水流尽头伸展,仿佛要为爱情和忧郁献
出生命。温柔明媚的地平线上的炽烈天空中不时地飘过灰色、蓝色和
玫瑰红的东西,那不是冥思遐想的云彩,而是一条鲈鱼、一条鳗或一
条胡瓜鱼闪亮溜滑的鳍。陶醉在欢乐之中的它们在天空与绿草之间、
在牧场和大树下奔跑。容光焕发的春之神对我们所有的一切施行了出
色的魔法。凉爽的河水在它们的脑袋上、鳃孔间和腹底下滑过,唱着
匆匆流去,让太阳在自己的表面欢快地奔跑。
......
我见到的花是这样的:(可惜我一般不照相)
Japanese Primrose
& 再一幅中国的Prairie Primrose:
- Re: 达尔文与报春花&千屈菜posted on 10/14/2009
这Primrose Family有约30genera和1000species呢,都叫报春花(樱草花)吗,还是只指Primrose family里Primula(genus)?
genus和species中文分别叫什么?
xw wrote:
达尔文与报春花&千屈菜
报春花,英文Primrose,中文又译作樱草花 - posted on 10/14/2009
xw你对各种花如此有研究,这么投入,要成"花痴"了.喔......玩笑.
我最喜欢腊梅,那时候在家,腊梅开了,意味着要过年了.寒风中的腊梅,看着娇黄的梅瓣在寒风中微微颤动,这颤动能把整个阴沉沉地天空摇撼.在腊梅面前,我才懂,天底下的至色至香,只能与清寒相伴随......大雪纷飞,在一片银白下的腊梅,变得更醒目,袅袅婷婷地兀自站立着,仙风道骨,气韵翩然......月光下的尤显圣洁,四周暗暗的,唯有晶莹的花瓣与明月遥遥相对.清香和夜气一拌和,浓入心魄.冷艳,孤傲的腊梅,我会怜惜地剪几枝,插入花瓶,请进屋里,和我相伴.
可惜我对腊梅的属性却并不了解.
xw wrote:
达尔文与报春花&千屈菜
- posted on 10/14/2009
秋子爱花也真。这些天菊盛,植物园又是一年度的日本菊展。
看找空写一贴秋野上的菊,仿普鲁斯特就行。许多人说现代文学颓废
,我看普鲁斯特除了装病外,倒不算颓废。政治人文争执,读读普鲁
斯特,会感觉到自己早已置身文学之外,遗憾不已。
秋子乱说咱花痴,你不知道,我写一点花,都冒着胆子的。以前曼陀
罗顶爱兰,你喜欢腊梅,咱爱菊。
回Rzp的问题:
Rita植物学有长进,看问的问题。请原谅我说话的口气,genus属,
species种(单数也要这么写。单复数一律!)
一般植物科名以该科一属名,后添aceae构成科名(动物是dae),通俗
名就以一有名种名指代,如Primrose family, carrot family, etc.
该科称报春花科(Primaceae),未必每属种都称报春花。比如你提该
属(报春花属Primula),也未必该属都称报春花。英文中,该属有三
类通俗名(形态):Primrose, Cowslip, Oxlip,
一般Primrose称作报春花。--得说个渊源,西方不少园林Primrose还
真源于中国。
但话又说回来。植物学文化还是西方发达,名称嘛,自然还得译回来
称心。因为,这其中凝结了多少人们诗心的劳动,你懂得的:)
rose family --Robert Frost
The rose is a rose,
And was always a rose.
But the theory now goes
That the apple's a rose,
And the pear is, and so's
The plum, I suppose.
The dear only know
What will next prove a rose.
You, of course, are a rose--
But were always a rose.
rzp wrote:
这Primrose Family有约30genera和1000species呢,都叫报春花(樱草花)吗,还是只指Primrose family里Primula(genus)?
genus和species中文分别叫什么?
xw wrote:
达尔文与报春花&千屈菜
报春花,英文Primrose,中文又译作樱草花
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