Origen of Alexandria
Origen of Alexandria is considered one of the greatest of all Christian theologians. As a philosopher, he is famous for composing the seminal work of Christian Neoplatonism, his treatise On First Principles. Origen lived through a turbulent period of the Christian Church, when persecution was wide-spread and little or no doctrinal consensus existed among the various regional churches. In this environment, Gnosticism flourished, and Origen was the first truly philosophical thinker to turn his hand not only to a refutation of Gnosticism, but to offer an alternative Christian system that was more rigorous and philosophically respectable than the mythological speculations of the various Gnostic sects. Origen was also an astute critic of the pagan philosophy of his era, yet he also learned much from it, and adapted its most useful and edifying teachings to a grand elucidation of the Christian faith. Porphyry (the illustrious student of Plotinus), though a tenacious adversary of Christianity, nevertheless grudgingly admitted Origen's mastery of the Greek philosophical tradition. Although Origen did go on to compose numerous biblical commentaries and sermons, his importance for the history of philosophy rests mainly on two works, the systematic treatise On First Principles, and his response to the pagan philosopher Celsus' attack on Christianity, the treatise Against Celsus. Since the purpose of this article is to introduce students and interested laypersons to the philosophy of Origen, it will be necessary to focus mainly on the treatise On First Principles, which is the most systematic and philosophical of Origen's numerous writings. In this work Origen establishes his main doctrines, including that of the Holy Trinity (based upon standard Middle Platonic triadic emanation schemas); the pre-existence and fall of souls; multiple ages and transmigration of souls; and the eventual restoration of all souls to a state of dynamic perfection in proximity to the godhead. He is unique among Platonists of his era for introducing history into his cosmological and metaphysical speculations, and his insistence on the absolute freedom of each and every soul, thereby denying the fatalism that so often found its way into the more esoteric teachings of the various philosophical and mystery schools of his day.
http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/origen.php
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zh.wikipedia.org
俄利根
俄利根或譯奧利金(Origenes Adamantius)(185年-251年),是基督教著名的神学家和哲学家。俄利根生於亞歷山大港,卒於該撒利亞。他是希臘教父,更是亞歷山太學派的重要代表人物之一。在神學上,他提出「永恆受生」的概念來解說聖父與聖子關係,對基督教影響至今。他的著作對基督教神學發展有很大的影響力。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%B9
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最近翻潜意识的书籍中,经常碰到奥理真(Origen)教派,后来被判
作异端了的。
- posted on 04/14/2008
俄利根 (Origen 公元185-254年)
(灵命高深的圣经批判学始祖)
佚名
第二世纪末,当教会遭受极大的外来逼迫,而内部异端横生时,在北非埃及的亚历山大城,有一位伟大的教会领袖诞生了。他有深邃的属灵经历、严谨的生活操守、分析慎密的头脑、多才多艺;他就是经文批判学的始祖――俄利根。
俄利根生于主后一八五年的一个基督教家庭中。父亲李奥尼给他起名为俄利根,意思是太阳神之子;或许希望他能像太阳般放出灿烂的光辉。主后二零一年,大逼迫临到亚历山大城,李氏被捕入狱,十七岁的长子俄利根,写信鼓励他:“父亲!切勿为母亲和你七位挚爱的孩子过分忧虑,信实的神和救主必看顾属他的儿女!”李奥尼不幸殉难。假如不是母亲苦心劝阻,俄利根可能已在是次逼害教会运动中,与父亲及其他信徒携手殉道了。
李奥尼被处极刑,财产被充公,寡母带着七个幼儿,生计无着。幸而神感动一位富有的妇人,支持俄利根完成学业,也成为亚历山大的革利免的门生。十八岁时,得当地主教赏识,推荐为亚历山大圣道学校教师。他每天要靠抄写来维持生计,收入低于一般水平,仍有坚忍的精神。俄利根开始了训导新受浸者的灵命成长的工作,一时学生极多,声誉日隆。可是,二零二年间,圣道学院有七位学生在逼害运动中被捕入狱,殉道而死。俄利根说:“他们不单是为信仰而受到逼害,而且确是坚定实践主对门徒的吩咐;爱主胜于一切,为要得着更丰盛的生命。”
二一五年,罗马皇帝对信徒进行屠杀,俄氏就逃避到巴勒斯坦,在那里传道和讲学,受到不绝的赞赏:“一个平信徒竟在主教学者面前宣道和讲学,这是前所未有的事!”当地的主教要按立他为圣职人员,却引致亚历山大主教的强烈反对,认为这是越权的行为,因此导致主教们的争执,且在会议中革除了俄利根长老的职衔。他本着基督的忍让精神去调和这次悲剧,他所关心的不是圣职的去留,而是灵性的浮沉,深恐这件事会引致自己内心的怨艾和憎恨,因此悄然引退,四出讲学和访问。随后在该撒利亚定居下来,并创立圣道学校,历史家犹西比乌说:“数千异教者及著名学者都群集去听他。”
当俄利根廿八岁,四出讲学游历时,也开展了文学著作的阶段。他学识广博,通晓希腊文和希伯来文,一生著作超过六千种,可谓多产的神学家。首先,他写了好些注释书,并将教会的信条系统地组织著述,成为第一本系统神学(First Principle),阐释圣经中所启示的整全真理,他可被称为基督教系统神学的鼻祖了。最为后世赞赏的是“六种经文合壁”一书,这是一本将旧约希伯来文、七十士译本(当时最流行的旧约希腊文译本)和其他四种希腊文译本,分成六栏,顺序并列,如此比较和注释的著作。这种以慎密的科学态度,比较不同的圣经版本的异同,以求探究原文实义,并减少了抄写上的人为错误,实是奠定了圣经批判学的基础。
在护教方面,俄利根也不遗余力。有一希腊哲学家克理索,于一八零年间写成“真教义”一书来批评基督教。俄利根以清晰和完整的论据,加以驳斥,写成“辟克理索”,实为初期教会护教学的典范。此外,他也讨论过很多实际的信仰问题如“祈祷”、“殉道”等,可惜大多经已遗失。
在他一晚期作品中,俄利根说:“祈祷并不是恳求,而是一种在神生命中的参与。”这反映出他对祷告的重视和享受。事实上俄利根的一生不但是严谨和纯理智的学者,另一方面也是神的忠勇并虔敬的战士,他追求纯朴的生活,生命里蕴藏着信仰的烈焰。他没有一般学者的冷漠、旁观的毛病,而把生命当作活祭,全然献上。他常提醒信徒爱心和宽恕之重要,自己也确实躬行实践。
俄利根每天读圣经直到深夜,他对信仰的敬虔和对神话语的执着,可从他误解马太福音十九章12节;他依从字面意思而实行自阉。这与他的释经法极有关系,他主张经文“有体、魂、灵”三层意义,认为每一个细节都具有象征。在第二、三世纪所盛行的寓意解经体系中,俄利根是具影响力者之一。
二五零年,德修王发动大逼迫,俄利根被捕入狱,据犹西比乌描述:“他能坚忍苦难的原因是由于基督如此吩咐,他被铁链捆锁,遍体鳞伤,囚在地下斗室,且曾经火刑的威胁。”被释放之后不久就因受创过深而死,这也完成了他多年的殉道心愿。
http://www.godoor.net/text/history/zhuanji21-21.htm
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