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Yale and China
A Briefing on a 170-Year-Old Relationship
I. HISTORICAL TIES AND OVERVIEW

Earliest Contacts. Yale＊s relationship with China is deeper and longer than that of any other university in the United States. One of the earliest connections was established by Peter Parker, who graduated from Yale College in 1831 after studying theology and received his medical degree from the Yale School of Medicine in 1834. The following year, Parker opened in Guangzhou (then Canton) the Ophthalmic Infirmary, which was the first Western-style hospital in China. Parker remained in charge of the Ophthalmic Infirmary when it was renamed the Boji Hospital in the 1860s and also began to train students in allopathic medicine. Among the Chinese who studied at Parker＊s hospital was Dr. Sun Yat-sen who would forgo a career in medicine for one in national politics. The Boji Hospital, which was again renamed to Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, celebrated its 170th anniversary in November 2005.

Parker specialized in treating diseases of the eye, particularly cataracts, but also successfully introduced Western surgical techniques, including the removal of tumors, amputation, anesthesia, and reconstructive surgery. With the painter Lam Qua, Parker illustrated surgical pathologies in his patients, and Lam Qua＊s eighty-three exquisite portraits depicting patients with extreme tumor growths are still held by the Yale Medical Library. Parker＊s ※medical mission§ represented the first intense, long-term contact between a Yale graduate and Chinese culture. In addition to his work as a physician, Parker was one of the first Yale graduates to chronicle daily life in China. His journals, correspondence, and paintings〞which also are now housed in the Yale Medical Library〞provided information about China never before available in New England, spurring interest in China among Yale＊s students and faculty.

First Graduate. The second half of the nineteenth century brought China to Yale. This chapter in the University＊s history unfolded in 1850 with the arrival in New Haven of Yung Wing (1828每1912). A native of Guangdong province, Yung had received some of his primary schooling at an institution in Hong Kong run by another Yale-educated missionary, Samuel Robbins Brown. Impressed with Yung＊s abilities, Brown sent him to the United States for preparatory school, after which Yung enrolled as a student in Yale College. Yung Wing graduated from Yale in 1854, becoming the first person from China to earn a degree from an American college or university.

Prominent Early Chinese Students at Yale. In 1872, having won approval from the Qing Court to organize the Chinese Educational Mission, Yung Wing sent 120 young Chinese students to secondary schools in the Connecticut valley and, from there, to prestigious New England colleges for higher education in engineering and other subjects. The premier destination was Yale; in fact, twenty-two students enrolled in Yale. Conservative forces in the Qing Court vigorously lobbied to bring the students back to China in 1881. Although only two students had graduated from Yale by then, many of these young men went on to make important contributions to China＊s development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Among them are:

* Zhan Tianyou (Class of 1881) arrived in the United States when he was only twelve years old and went on to graduate from Yale University＊s Sheffield Scientific School. After his return to China, he became renowned for his role as the engineering consultant for all of China＊s railroad networks during the Qing Government and is known as the ※father of China＊s railroads.§
* Cai Shaoji, from Xiangshan, Guangdong, arrived in the United States at the age of thirteen. After his return to China, he became the representative of the Qing Government in Korea, and then became advisor to Yuan Shikai, the first president of the Republic of China. He went on to become the president of Tianjin University (Peiyang University).
* Tang Guoan, after his return from Yale, became the dean of the Tsinghua School, the precursor of what is today Tsinghua University.

Gift from China Establishes Yale＊s Chinese Library Collection. In 1878, Yung Wing, in appreciation of his Yale education, donated many of the 1,237 volumes of his Chinese book collection to Yale. This gift formed the nucleus of Yale University＊s East Asia Library. The Chinese collection has grown to over 445,000 volumes and is considered one of the major collections in the United States today. The collection is particularly strong in Chinese archaeology, economics, modern history, and literature since 1919. The majority of Yale's Chinese Collection are located in Sterling but that there are numerous special collections related to China in the University Libraries. A new initiative brings librarians from around the world to work in the Yale Library for periods ranging from six to twelve months. The first two Kwok Library Fellows both from ZhongShan (Sun Yat-sen) University in Guangzhou are currently at Yale with other librarians expected from China next year.

China Enters the Yale Curriculum. The study of China at Yale began in 1878 with the appointment to the faculty of Samuel Wells Williams, a former American missionary and diplomat in China. A formal program of Chinese language study was established in 1936, and during the 1940s, Yale pioneered new intensive methods of language instruction and developed textbooks that were widely used throughout the United States for decades by those learning Chinese.

East Asian Studies Council Promotes Scholarship. Currently, the Council on East Asian Studies in the Yale Center for International and Area Studies (YCIAS) and the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures offer an extensive array of undergraduate and graduate courses in East Asian studies. Established in 1961, the Council has developed into YCIAS＊s most prominent and active area studies program. Yale students can pursue B.A. and M.A. degrees in East Asian Studies and in East Asian Languages and Literatures. Graduate students in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, as well as in many other departments of the Yale Graduate School and in Yale＊s professional schools can also pursue graduate degrees with a focus on China. Over a dozen academic departments regularly offer more than fifty courses annually on Chinese language, history, literature, society, politics, art, economics, and other subjects. These academic offerings are supported by renowned library, art, and scientific collections that are among the finest in the world outside of China. East Asian culture and society are also present at Yale through concerts, dramatic and cultural performances, gallery exhibitions, and the activities of student organizations.

Educating China＊s Academic Leaders. In addition to the long history of formal academic programs concentrating on China at Yale, the University has a history of sustained collaborations with both academic institutions and Chinese authorities. The University also has a long history of cultivating Chinese educators, with notable examples including:

* Three (Tang Guoan, Zhang Yuquan, Zhou Yichun) of the first four presidents of President Hu Jintao＊s alma mater, Tsinghua University, graduated from Yale.
* Ma Yinchu (Class of 1910) served as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960.
* Li Denghui (Class of 1899) served as the first president of Fudan University, and Yan Fuqing (Class of 1909) served as the president of Fudan Shanghai Medical School.
* Yan Yangchu (Class of 1918) was a renowned educator, first working to eliminate illiteracy among Chinese workers in France and then initiating educational reforms in rural China.

Yale-China Association. Founded by Yale graduates in 1901, the Yale-China Association, a nonprofit organization that is closely tied to wider Yale efforts in China, has for over a century served to promote mutual understanding between Chinese and Americans through teaching and service. Generations of Yale graduates have taught at schools and universities in China under the auspices of the Yale-China Association. The Yale-China Association also established and supported the development of numerous educational institutions in China, including Xiangya School of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Huazhong University, and Yali Middle School〞all of which continue to educate tens of thousands of students in central China annually. Today, the Yale-China Association sponsors fellowships, exchanges, scholarships, and short- and long-term teaching and training programs in the fields of public health and nursing, English language instruction, legal education, American studies, community and public service, and cultural exchange for Chinese and American students. Annually, close to one thousand Chinese and American teachers, scholars, public health professionals, lawyers, NGO leaders, and students participate in the Association＊s educational programs throughout China, including in Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Shanxi, Anhui, Xinjiang, and Hubei provinces, as well as Beijing and Hong Kong. The Yale-China Association＊s work is characterized by close interaction among individuals and sustained, long-term relationships with Chinese partner institutions and organizations designed to build Chinese institutional capacity.

Publication Series. Yale University Press and the China International Publishing Group have been collaborating for sixteen years on the series, ※The Culture And Civilization Of China.§ The project was initiated in 1990 to bring together Chinese and U.S. scholars, editors, publishers, and translators to highlight the cultural riches of China and to present the best recent scholarship in volumes published both in English by Yale University Press and Chinese by the China International Publishing Group.

President Jiang Zemin of the People＊s Republic of China presented the inaugural volume, Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting, published in 1997, to President William Clinton as his State Gift. It received the Hawkins Award, the highest award given by the Association of American Publishers for books of unusual distinction. To date, five other volumes have been published on Architecture (2002), Philosophy (2002), Society and Politics (2003), Archaeology (2005), and Sculpture (2006). The next volumes will focus on Calligraphy, Textiles, and Ceramics.

Over Six Hundred Chinese Students and Scholars at Yale Today. Since China initiated its ※open door policy§ in the late 1970s, academic exchanges and collaborations between Yale and China have expanded rapidly in many fields. In 2005-2006, there are 300 Chinese students enrolled in Yale College and Yale＊s graduate and professional schools, and 336 other Chinese scholars (fellows, postdoctoral researchers, etc.) in residence at Yale. Chinese students and scholars represent, by far, the largest complement of any foreign country in residence at Yale.
II. ILLUSTRATIVE FACULTY COLLABORATIONS WITH CHINA

Currently, there are more than eighty academic collaborations (including joint/individual research) under way in China. Seventeen Yale departments/schools have established partnerships with forty-five Chinese universities, government agencies, or independent research institutions in sixteen cities in mainland China. There are twenty-six study sites across China, from Liaoning Province in the east to Xinjiang in the far west, from Beijing in the north to Hong Kong in the south.

Yale faculty engaged in projects in China are pursuing a broad array of research, educational, and training activities. Among these are the many China specialists associated with the Council on East Asian Studies in the Yale Center for International and Area Studies, but many other faculty from Law, Medicine, Forestry & Environmental Studies, Management, Architecture, and other professional schools are involved in collaborations there. A fuller review of current projects is available at the Yale and the World Web site: http://www.world.yale.edu. The following are only illustrative of the range of initiatives that are now under way.

China Law Center at Yale Law School. Directed by Paul Gewirtz, the Potter Stewart Professor of Constitutional Law, the China Law Center has built strong working relationships with Chinese institutions and experts within academic, legal, and government circles which are central to China＊s legal reform process. The Center was established in 1999 after Professor Gewirtz returned to Yale Law School from a post as Special Representative for the Presidential Rule of Law Initiative in the U.S. Department of State.

The Center has two important missions: first, to assist the law and policy reform process within China; and, second, to increase understanding of China in the United States. Since the Center was launched, it has initiated a wide range of in-depth projects in the areas of judicial reform, administrative law, regulatory reform, criminal law, and legal education. It works with many partners in China, including leading universities and scholars, key government institutions and officials, and a variety of other innovative and important figures in China＊s legal and policy community.

Council on East Asian Studies. Over twenty-five Yale faculty members associated with the Council undertake teaching and scholarship on China, on topics ranging from its anthropology, economics, literatures, and history, to its religions, philosophies, politics, and other aspects. A number of the projects are collaborations between Yale faculty and Chinese institutions; for example, Yale＊s Department of Sociology, with support from the Ford Foundation, sponsors summer workshops on statistical methods at Chinese universities to enhance the research skills of young and mid-career sociologists. As another example, sixteen Yale faculty members participated in the Peking-Yale University Conference on ※Tradition and Modernity: Comparative Perspectives§ in Beijing in March 2005. They joined their colleagues from the Peking University Institute for Comparative Literature and Culture and other Chinese universities to consider literary scholarship on memory and text; canonization and commentary; official and vernacular canons of modernity; representations of war and revolution; tradition and realism; translation and transformation; image and imagination; psychoanalysis and related topics; and comparative perspectives on library resources.

Science and Health. Recognizing that advances in human health and the life sciences in the coming decades will disproportionately rely on gaining a deeper understanding of basic biological processes and mechanisms, Yale and Chinese institutions are engaged in collaborations that are advancing the frontiers of science, medicine, and health.

* Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology. Directed by Xingwang Deng, the Daniel C. Eaton Professor of Plant Biology at Yale, the Center at Peking University undertakes research in the field of basic biology in model plant systems and on the application of this basic research to crop improvement〞an area of great interest and importance to China and to the United States. The Center provides student and faculty exchanges between Peking University and Yale and facilitates extended laboratory and study visits in Beijing and in New Haven by researchers from the two institutions and their students.
* Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center. Yale and Fudan University in Shanghai, under the direction of Yale Genetics Professor Tian Xu, are carrying out large genetic screens in mice to elucidate the basic mechanisms of disease development. The goals of the Center are to perform cutting-edge research and training, to serve as a model for academic reform in China, and to promote international exchange and cooperation. The Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center is becoming a locus for research in the field of genetics and molecular medicine, and is working to identify novel genetic solutions for human diseases ranging from cancers to a growing number of progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Research from the Center was the subject of the featured cover article in the August 2005 issue of the journal Cell.
* Peking-Yale Joint Center for Microelectronics and Nanotechnology. In Fall 2005, Yale and Peking University launched a joint research center in microelectronics and nanotechnology by combining the expertise of faculty members from both universities with the facilities and human resources of Peking. The long-term goal of the Center is to support a multidisciplinary research program in which independent research groups will work within a common facility, sharing resources and expertise. The Center will engage in the synthesis, manipulation, measurement, analysis, and modeling of electronic materials and devices on a molecular scale, to advance nanoelectronic science and technology. The Center will be most directly associated with the Center for Microelectronic Materials and Structures (※uELM§) at Yale and the Institute of Microelectronics at Peking and will be co-directed by T. P. Ma, the Raymond John Wean Professor of Electrical Engineering at Yale.
* Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA). CIRA, directed by Michael Merson, the Anna M. R. Lauder Professor of Public Health, supports the conduct of interdisciplinary research focused on the prevention of HIV infection and the reduction of negative consequences of HIV disease in vulnerable and underserved populations nationally and abroad. Currently, faculty drawn from Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine are conducting research in three regions of China to develop AIDS prevention training, to facilitate the education and training of health care workers about AIDS, and to encourage the use of preventative measures by sex workers, drug abusers, and other high-risk populations.
* Yale-China HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care in China. Under the direction of Professor Ann Williams, Yale School of Nursing faculty and students have been working with the National Nursing Center of China and Xiangya School of Medicine to provide HIV/AIDS training to Chinese nurses and other health care professionals. This is an ongoing program sponsored by the Yale-China Association. A detailed guide, "HIV/AIDS Train-the-Trainer Program for Chinese Nurses," was developed and funded by the World AIDS Foundation.

Senior Executive Education Programs. Many of Yale＊s professional schools are involved in training programs for leaders and key practitioners, from nursing and hospital leaders to provincial environmental administrators.

* China-Yale Advanced University Leadership Program. The China-Yale Advanced University Leadership Program (CYAULP) was initiated in 2004 for presidents and vice-presidents from China＊s leading universities. It is the most senior group of Chinese university leaders ever to participate in an executive education program outside of China. In collaboration with China＊s Ministry of Education, the CYAULP was developed in response to the aspiration expressed in 1998 by China＊s President Jiang Zemin to transform a small number of Chinese universities into ※world-class universities.§ Yale faculty and administrators and Chinese university leaders discuss a number of issues that are key to the American research university, including liberal education, peer review, and competitive faculty appointment processes, as well as administrative practices ranging from fund-raising techniques to strategic planning. The objective has been to review models and best practices that Chinese universities might profitably adapt to their own needs. The second session of CYAULP for the presidents and vice-presidents of fourteen leading universities took place in New Haven during August 2005, and the summer 2006 session will be held in Xiamen.
* China-Yale Senior Government Leadership Program. This three-year program for the most senior cohort of government officials to participate in an executive education program outside of China was inaugurated in 2005. The program focuses on issues related to administration according to law and is a collaboration of Yale University每through its China Law Center每and the China National School of Administration. Renowned legal practitioners and visiting speakers (including two U.S. Supreme Court justices, current and former U.S. Cabinet secretaries, the Governor of New York, the United Nations Secretary-General, and senior leaders at the White House and the United Nations) joined leading Yale scholars from its faculties of Law, Management, Forestry and Environmental Studies, and the Arts and Sciences to create the forum. The participants and presenters examined the U.S. experience of governance and regulation and expanded the participants＊ understanding of the best U.S. thinking on important issues of law and public policy.
* China-Yale Advanced Leadership Program in Management. In Fall 2005, the Yale School of Management along with the China International Center for Economic and Technical Exchanges delivered a month-long advanced leadership development program in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Twenty-six chief executive officers, general managers, and vice-general managers of state-owned enterprises in China participated. The program consisted of classes and discussions at Yale, followed by field visits to relevant government agencies and companies in New York City and Washington, D.C., including the United Nations, the New York Stock Exchange, and JP Morgan. Presenters and participants discussed topics such as the legal environment of enterprises, investor relations, corporate governance, and leadership style for senior corporate managers.
* Yale-Tsinghua Environment and Sustainable Development Leadership Program. In partnership with Tsinghua University in Beijing, the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies has undertaken a three-year program for the executive education of Chinese municipal officials〞typically mayors and vice-mayors〞responsible for urban planning and development to promote economic development in more environmentally sustainable ways. The program began with seminars at Tsinghua University before moving to New Haven, where Chinese municipal officials discussed issues of environmental sustainability with Yale faculty members and senior officials from cities and corporations across the United States. The second of the three sessions met in New Haven during Summer 2005. Among the themes on which the program focuses are the challenges and opportunities in environment and sustainable development, urban and industrial ecology and their implications for urban planning and policies, and the application of concepts of sustainable development to urban concerns.

Urban Architecture Studio. Established in 2000, this collaboration between the Yale School of Architecture, Hong Kong University, and Tongji University challenges students from the three schools to address urban design issues in China＊s rapidly developing cities and to propose strategies for urban redevelopment and revitalization. After studying a site＊s history and environment, Yale students travel to China for a close inspection and to collaborate with the Chinese students. While the sites have typically been in Shanghai, students and faculty travel to Hong Kong, Shanghai, and New Haven as part of the Studio.
III. STUDENT PROGRAMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Yale Students in China. Each year, over three hundred Yale undergraduate and graduate students undertake Chinese language study, and many more study China＊s cultures, economics, history, literatures, politics, religions, and other aspects through dozens of courses offered in the Yale curriculum. The formal academic study of China is complemented by opportunities for Yale students to study, work, and conduct research in China through such programs as:

* Richard U. Light Fellowships. In 2005每2006, seventy-six Yale students will study in China as Richard U. Light Fellows. The fellowships, inaugurated in 1996, have been generously funded by the Richard U. Light Foundation to enable Yale students to engage in language study in East Asia. The Light Fellowship is committed to intensive language study, but it further provides the opportunity for students to immerse themselves in cultures other than their own. Light Fellows currently study at eight sites across China.
* Bulldogs in Beijing Internship Program. Organized by Yale College, the Bulldogs in Beijing internship program placed twenty-four undergraduate interns last summer at sixteen organizations in Beijing, ranging from small entrepreneurial companies to nonprofit organizations. Placements ranged from working at the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City to IBM China. Each is a challenging, hands-on assignment, under the direct supervision of an engaged mentor. In 2006, thirty-one Yale students will have internships in Beijing.
* Joseph Fox International Fellowships. The Fox International Fellowship Program is a direct two-way student exchange partnership between Yale University and eleven of the world＊s leading universities in China, Russia, England, Germany, Japan, France, India, Turkey, Israel, South Africa, and Mexico. It was established by Joseph C. Fox (Class of 1938) to identify and support talented individuals who will be future leaders in their respective fields. Fox Fellows pursue academic research, immerse themselves in the local language and culture of another country, and develop lasting friendships with peers from other countries, with the goal of better understanding the people and institutions, thereby building a solid foundation from which to contribute to peaceful coexistence worldwide. Yale＊s partner for the Fox International Fellowship in China is Fudan University in Shanghai.

Chinese Students at Yale. In addition to the more than three hundred Chinese students who are studying in residence in Yale＊s undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs, special opportunities have been developed for Chinese students to experience Yale. Among these programs are:

* Summer School Programs for Chinese Undergraduate Students. In 2005, twenty-one undergraduate students from Fudan University and twenty-five students from Peking University studied in the Yale Summer Session in the first ※Fudan University at Yale§ and ※Peking University at Yale§ summer programs. These programs enable the students to experience firsthand Yale＊s student and academic life.
* Peking University-Yale Distinguished Graduate Student Scholarly Exchange Program. This formal exchange program for Ph.D. students in the humanities and social sciences of Peking University and Yale University involves one to three graduate students from each institution (initially in history) who are selected on the basis of academic excellence and research priorities. Ordinarily, the students chosen are in non-Asian fields if they are from Peking University, and in the China field if they are from Yale.
* Peking University-Yale Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing. Beginning in Fall 2006, twenty-one Yale students will study at Peking University in a fully integrated, four-month academic program where they will live and study together with Peking University students, and participate in social events with their Peking University classmates. This unique program will provide Yale students opportunities to immerse themselves in Peking University student life.
* Fan Family Fellowships. Established in 1996 by the generosity and vision of Hong Kong-based Henry H. L. Fan, the Fan Family Fellowships provide stipend support for highly qualified Yale Graduate School students from the People＊s Republic of China and are open to students in any academic area. A number of the fellowships are also reserved for those studying in Yale College and those studying international relations through the programs of the Yale Center for International and Area Studies.

IV. HIGHLIGHTS OF YALE PRESIDENT RICHARD C. LEVIN＊S TRIPS TO CHINA

* 2001. President Levin met with President Jiang Zemin in Zhongnanahai on May 8. He also met with Madam Chen Zhili, the former Minister of Education, who hosted a banquet when the Yale delegation arrived in Beijing on May 6. On this trip, the delegation visited three major universities: Peking, Tsinghua, and Fudan. President Levin also had the opportunity to meet the Mayor of Shanghai and speak with representatives of the Chinese media.
* 2003. Madam Chen Zhili, member of the State Council, and Xiao Yang, President of the Supreme People＊s Court, met President Levin in People＊s Hall on November 13 and 12, respectively. Fudan University invited President Levin to give the keynote address at its international symposium, ※Bridging Minds across the Pacific: The 25-year Sino-U.S. Educational Exchange,§ on November 10每12. President Levin spoke to the National Academy of Education Administration, becoming the first U.S. university president to address the assembly. NAEA gathered the current and future university presidents from throughout China, for which more than three hundred were in attendance. President Levin also received an honorary doctorate from Peking University.
* 2004. Minister Zhou Ji of the Ministry of Education invited President Levin to be the keynote speaker at the 2nd Forum for Chinese-Foreign University Presidents in August. President Levin also took this opportunity to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Yung Wing＊s graduation from Yale University.
* 2004. The Chinese version of President Levin＊s book The Work of the University was published in China and was widely acclaimed by both educators and the general public.
* 2005. President Levin delivered the keynote address on behalf of all visiting university presidents at Fudan University＊s Centennial Celebration. Fudan also held a ceremony to confer an honorary professorship on President Levin. A panel discussion with the Mayor of Shanghai and various university presidents provided President Levin with an opportunity to present ※Universities, Economic Growth, and Regional Development.§ In Beijing, the unveiling ceremony was held for the Peking-Yale Joint Center for Microelectronics and Nanotechnology.